![\"Line](\"https:\/\/www.ai-diagrams.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/uml-composite-structure-mistakes-infographic-line-art.jpg\"\/)
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n1. Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n
Sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi coi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h3>\n\n- \n
Ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
T\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ri\u00eang t\u01b0.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong>M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nKhi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng b\u00ean trong, m\u00e3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed9 ra, vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea9n th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n
2. Hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \ud83d\udd0c<\/h2>\n
C\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ed5ng, v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed5ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n\n- \n
Thi\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt nh\u1ecf g\u1eafn v\u00e0o bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\u0110a d\u1ea1ng sai:<\/strong>G\u00e1n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>N\u1ed1i B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn A v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn B m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00fat k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u00ean trong t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00fat k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nC\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi cho vi\u1ec7c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. B\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n
3. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng. M\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh k\u1eb9o m\u00fat) hay y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ed5 c\u1eafm). M\u1ed9t sai s\u00f3t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u. M\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giao di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd b\u1edfi ki\u1ec3u l\u1edbp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sai. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng khai khai b\u00e1o giao di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n
\n- \n
Giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p:<\/strong> Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc k\u1eb9o m\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u1ed5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong> Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u1ed5 c\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u1ed5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\u1ee6y quy\u1ec1n:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n, c\u1ed5ng ph\u1ea3i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 cho b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9a ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khai b\u00e1o giao di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n
4. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n \ud83d\udeaa<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00e0nh cho S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac H\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng qu\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9t chu\u1ed7i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n. Logic b\u00ean trong t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m truy c\u1eadp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Lu\u1ed3ng \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n<\/h3>\n\n- \n
H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
- \n
C\u1ed5ng \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
- \n
Ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thao t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu, cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi s\u1ebd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1ed5ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng thao t\u00e1c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 logic b\u00ean trong n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y khi m\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c thi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n
5. Hi\u1ec3u saiMultiplicity v\u00e0 Vai tr\u00f2 \ud83d\udccf<\/h2>\n
Multiplicity x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1Multiplicity<\/h3>\n\n- \n
Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-M\u1ed9t:<\/strong> Cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: danh s\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd trong m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa Kh\u00f4ng-\u0111\u1ed1i-M\u1ed9t:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. Multiplicity b\u1eb1ng 0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
T\u00ean vai tr\u00f2:<\/strong> B\u1ecf qua t\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u201cPh\u1ea7n A\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n B\u201d l\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u201cB\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fangMultiplicity \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra x\u1eed l\u00fd logic kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecbMultiplicity l\u00e0 0..*, m\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra null. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb 1, m\u00e3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n
6. Tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \ud83e\uddf1<\/h2>\n
S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac H\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u0129nh. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh vi. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 th\u00eam c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c m\u0169i t\u00ean lu\u1ed3ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 thao t\u00e1c. Tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n
T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n\n- \n
C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac H\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n, c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
H\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Chu\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 logic.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n lu\u1ed3ng tin nh\u1eafn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nGi\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu logic thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i lan sang s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n
\n\n \n\n\nY\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\nL\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\nTh\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nC\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nXem ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nC\u1ed5ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nB\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3u cho ch\u00fang<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nG\u1eafn c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n Cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nC\u00e1c b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nN\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c n\u00fat b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nQu\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u00ean trong<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\n\u0110a d\u1ea1ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nM\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i (0..*, 1..1, v.v.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\nPh\u1ea1m vi<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\nCh\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
7. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho tri\u1ec3n khai \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sau \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
\n- \n
B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh giao di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u UML ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <<cache>>, <<db>>). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n chi ti\u1ebft s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi cho b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Xem x\u00e9t t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong> Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
X\u00e1c minh vi\u1ec7c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n:<\/strong> Theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c b\u00ean trong. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n8. Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n
Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn bloat t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. N\u00ean d\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/h3>\n\n- \n
L\u1edbp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u1ea5p:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb logic duy nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eebng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
9. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n
Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 sinh m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khung x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Khi nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1eb7p l\u1ed7i, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 sai, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm l\u1ed7i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed v\u1eadn may.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5ng, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p sang hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 module.<\/p>\n
10. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u2705<\/h2>\n\n- \n
Ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u00ean trong, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
C\u1ed5ng:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng v\u1edbi giao di\u1ec7n (cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
B\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
\u0110a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy t\u1eafc v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nB\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch mong mu\u1ed1n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u1ee7i ro. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ghi l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML),…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh UML \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh UML. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[9,15],"class_list":["post-63","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-composite-structure-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\n
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Ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n T\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ri\u00eang t\u01b0.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong>M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng b\u00ean trong, m\u00e3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed9 ra, vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea9n th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n C\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ed5ng, v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed5ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Thi\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt nh\u1ecf g\u1eafn v\u00e0o bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0110a d\u1ea1ng sai:<\/strong>G\u00e1n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>N\u1ed1i B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn A v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn B m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00fat k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u00ean trong t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00fat k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n C\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi cho vi\u1ec7c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. B\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng. M\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh k\u1eb9o m\u00fat) hay y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ed5 c\u1eafm). M\u1ed9t sai s\u00f3t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u. M\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giao di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd b\u1edfi ki\u1ec3u l\u1edbp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sai. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng khai khai b\u00e1o giao di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n Giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p:<\/strong> Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc k\u1eb9o m\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u1ed5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Giao di\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong> Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u1ed5 c\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u1ed5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u1ee6y quy\u1ec1n:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n, c\u1ed5ng ph\u1ea3i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 cho b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9a ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khai b\u00e1o giao di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00e0nh cho S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac H\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng qu\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9t chu\u1ed7i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n. Logic b\u00ean trong t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m truy c\u1eadp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n C\u1ed5ng \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thao t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu, cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi s\u1ebd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1ed5ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng thao t\u00e1c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 logic b\u00ean trong n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y khi m\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c thi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n Multiplicity x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-M\u1ed9t:<\/strong> Cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: danh s\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd trong m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa Kh\u00f4ng-\u0111\u1ed1i-M\u1ed9t:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. Multiplicity b\u1eb1ng 0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n T\u00ean vai tr\u00f2:<\/strong> B\u1ecf qua t\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u201cPh\u1ea7n A\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cPh\u1ea7n B\u201d l\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u201cB\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fangMultiplicity \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra x\u1eed l\u00fd logic kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecbMultiplicity l\u00e0 0..*, m\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra null. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb 1, m\u00e3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac H\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u0129nh. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh vi. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 th\u00eam c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c m\u0169i t\u00ean lu\u1ed3ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 thao t\u00e1c. Tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac H\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n, c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n H\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Chu\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 logic.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n lu\u1ed3ng tin nh\u1eafn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu logic thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i lan sang s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/p>\n<\/th>\n L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/p>\n<\/th>\n Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Xem ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n C\u1ed5ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n B\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3u cho ch\u00fang<\/p>\n<\/td>\n G\u1eafn c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n Cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n N\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c n\u00fat b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Qu\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u00ean trong<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \u0110a d\u1ea1ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n M\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i (0..*, 1..1, v.v.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n Ph\u1ea1m vi<\/p>\n<\/td>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sau \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh giao di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u UML ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <<cache>>, <<db>>). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n chi ti\u1ebft s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi cho b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Xem x\u00e9t t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong> Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n X\u00e1c minh vi\u1ec7c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n:<\/strong> Theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c b\u00ean trong. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn bloat t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. N\u00ean d\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5.<\/p>\n L\u1edbp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u1ea5p:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb logic duy nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eebng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 sinh m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khung x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Khi nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1eb7p l\u1ed7i, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 sai, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm l\u1ed7i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed v\u1eadn may.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5ng, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p sang hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 module.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u00ean trong, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n C\u1ed5ng:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng v\u1edbi giao di\u1ec7n (cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n B\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0110a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy t\u1eafc v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch mong mu\u1ed1n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u1ee7i ro. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ghi l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML),…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh UML \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh UML. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[9,15],"class_list":["post-63","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uml","tag-academic","tag-composite-structure-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\n2. Hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \ud83d\udd0c<\/h2>\n
Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i c\u1ed5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n
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3. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n
S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
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4. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n \ud83d\udeaa<\/h2>\n
Lu\u1ed3ng \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n<\/h3>\n
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5. Hi\u1ec3u saiMultiplicity v\u00e0 Vai tr\u00f2 \ud83d\udccf<\/h2>\n
Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1Multiplicity<\/h3>\n
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6. Tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \ud83e\uddf1<\/h2>\n
T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n
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So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n
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\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 7. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho tri\u1ec3n khai \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n
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8. Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/h3>\n
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9. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n
10. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u2705<\/h2>\n
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